{"id":6181,"date":"2024-10-02T08:03:00","date_gmt":"2024-10-02T06:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oglasi.infooglasi.rs\/oglasi\/oglasismederevo\/ozdravite-bez-antibiotika-oglasi-smederevo\/"},"modified":"2024-10-02T08:03:00","modified_gmt":"2024-10-02T06:03:00","slug":"ozdravite-bez-antibiotika-oglasi-smederevo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oglasi.infooglasi.rs\/oglasi\/oglasismederevo\/ozdravite-bez-antibiotika-oglasi-smederevo\/","title":{"rendered":"Ozdravite bez antibiotika – OGLASI SMEDEREVO"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Antibiotici su va\u017ena grupa lekova koja se uzima samo kada je to potrebno i isklju\u010divo kada ih lekar propi\u0161e.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Prehlade treba odle\u017eati, uz dosta te\u010dnosti i uz primenu prirodnih preparata kao \u0161to su kapi za nos na bazi morske vode,oribleta sa antisepticima i primenom bezreceptnih lekova za le\u010denje simptoma povi\u0161ene temperature, glavobolje i bolova u mi\u0161i\u0107ima.\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Za brzo ozdravljenje va\u017eni su ne\u017enost, ljubav i briga bli\u017enjih. Ne zaboravite to.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Evropski dan svesnosti o antibioticima-18. novembar<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
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Slu\u010dajnim otkri\u0107em 1928. godine kada je \u010dove\u010danstvo postalo bogatije za jedan od najzna\u010dajnijih lekova u istoriji medicine, zapo\u010dinje novo doba borbe protiv zaraznih bolesti i njihovih uzro\u010dnika \u2013 mikroba. Prou\u010davaju\u0107i kulture stafilokoka, profesor bakteriologije Alexander Fleming uo\u010dio je da neke plesni razaraju okolne kolonije bakterija. Po imenu plesni ( Penicillium notatum ) supstanca je nazvana penicilin. Nakon dugogodi\u0161njih istra\u017eivanja 1941. godine penicilin je prvi put primenjen na \u010doveku i tako u\u0161ao u istoriju kao uspe\u0161an lek koji je spasio hiljade ranjenika tokom II. svetskog rata. Sledila su i otkri\u0107a drugih antibiotika, a u dana\u0161nje vreme oni nisu samo produkti gljivica i plesni, nego i visokom tehnologijom proizvedeni sinteti\u010dka jedinjenja koja zauzimaju zna\u010dajno mesto u le\u010denju infektivnih i parazitnih bolesti. Antibiotici su lekovi koji spre\u010davaju rast bakterija i primenjuju se u le\u010denju bakterijskih infekcija.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\t\t\t\t\"Antibiotici-1\"<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0160ta su bakterije, a \u0161ta virusi?<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Bakterije<\/span> su mikroorganizmi koji nastanjuju ljudsko telo, \u017eivotinje i biljke, a mogu se na\u0107i i u vazduhu, vodi, zemlji\u0161tu. Ve\u0107inom su to tzv. \u201e dobre\u201c bakterije bez kojih ne bismo mogli \u017eiveti. Ako se na\u0111u na pogre\u0161nom mestu u na\u0161em organizmu, bakterije mogu prouzrokovati bolesti kao \u0161to su npr. upala plu\u0107a, meningitis (upala mo\u017edane opne), neke upale grla i uha, uroinfekcije ili infekcije rana. Kada nastane bakterijska infekcija antibiotici mogu uni\u0161titi bakterije i time spasiti \u017eivot.
\nVirusi<\/span> su puno manji od bakterija i trebaju \u017eive \u0107elije kako bi pre\u017eiveli. Nisu prirodni stanovnici ljudskog tela, kao bakterije, ve\u0107 ulaze spolja. \u010cesto njihovu prisutnost ni ne prime\u0107ujemo, ali mogu prouzrokovati bolesti kao \u0161to su obi\u010dna prehlada ili grip, ve\u010dinu upala grla i uha, i zarazne bolesti kao \u0161to su boginje, virusni hepatitis ili AIDS.
\nVa\u017eno je napomenuti<\/span> da antibiotici nisu delotvorni protiv virusa i da le\u010denje antibioticima ne donosi nikakvu korist. Lak\u0161e virusne infekcije kao \u0161to je obi\u010dna prehlada, obi\u010dno prolaze same od sebe nakon nekoliko dana, a le\u010de se simptomatski, razli\u010ditim sredstvima kao \u0161to su sirupi protiv ka\u0161lja, \u010dajevi, vitamini, kapi za nos, pastile za grlo, lekovi za sni\u017eavanje temperature.\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n

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Za\u0161to je delotvornost antibiotika ugro\u017eena?<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Antibiotici su korisni, delotvorni i sigurni lekovi za odre\u0111ene zdravstvene probleme i zato ih smatramo dragocenim lekovima. Oni su zna\u010dajno promenili sudbinu bolesnika obolelih od razli\u010ditih bakterijskih infekcija. No \u010desto se \u010duju kritike stru\u010dnjaka da se zloupotrebljavaju. Analize potro\u0161nje lekova pokazuju da se oni zaista koriste pre\u010desto i nekriti\u010dki. Suvi\u0161e se lako zapo\u010dinje sa primenom antimikrobnih lekova, npr. kada su prisutni tek neki simptomi bolesti koje nisu posledica bakterijske infekcije, kao \u0161to su na primer nejasna febrilna stanja (povi\u0161ena temperatura npr. prouzrokovana virusima), ili u svrhu preventive bakterijske infekcije \u0161to je \u010desto u de\u010djoj praksi.
\nZbog prevelike upotrebe antibiotika ugro\u017eena je njihova delotvornost jer bakterije iz okoline i u na\u0161em telu razvijaju otpornost na te lekove.\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\n

Kako uzro\u010dnici postaju rezistentni?<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\n

Neki mikroorganizmi mogu da rastu i u prisustvu antimikrobnog leka (tolerancija) ili izlu\u010duju supstance (enzime) koje deaktiviraju lek. Primer za to su enzimi beta – laktamaze koji razaraju beta – laktamski prsten koji \u010dini hemijsku strukturu penicilinskih i cefalosporinskih antibiotika. Antibiotski u\u010dinak mo\u017ee izostati i zbog toga \u0161to je leku spre\u010den dolazak na mesto delovanja (npr. tetraciklini). Kada bakterije postaju otporne na lekove za le\u010denje infekcija, le\u010denje bolesnika traja\u0107e du\u017ee, a mo\u017ee biti i neuspe\u0161no I lo\u0161e se zavr\u0161iti po bolesnika. Na kraju bismo se mogli na\u0107i u situaciji da vi\u0161e nemamo delotvornih lekova za le\u010denje bakterijskih infekcija. Razvoj rezistentnih mikroorganizama sve vi\u0161e predstavlja te\u0161ko\u0107u i u le\u010denju hospitalizovanih bolesnika. U bolni\u010dkim ustanovama, gde se po pravilu tro\u0161i puno antibiotika, postoji princip tzv. rezervnog antimikrobnog leka, sa namerom da im se produ\u017ei delotvornost, tj. da se delotvorni novi lekovi propisuju samo izuzetno i ograni\u010deno.\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\n

Kako bi le\u010denje antibiotikom bilo korisno<\/span>, najpre je potrebno postaviti ta\u010dnu dijagnozu tj. izolovati mikroorganizam koji je prouzrokovao infekciju i utvrditi njegovu osetljivost na antimikrobni lek. Kad god je to mogu\u0107e dobro je laboratorijski identifikovati uzro\u010dnika iz biolo\u0161kog uzorka (krv, mokra\u0107a, bris grla ili nosa\u2026), napraviti antibiogram tj. testirati osetljivost uzro\u010dnika na pojedine antibiotike te ciljano le\u010diti infekciju.
\nNaravno, to nije uvek mogu\u0107e. Kada je potrebno odmah zapo\u010deti le\u010denje, lekarov izbor antibiotika temelji se na klini\u010dkoj dijagnozi tj. podacima koje dobije od bolesnika (anamneza) i klini\u010dkoj slici (npr. uzro\u010dnik \u0161arlaha je uvek isti i na njega gotovo uvek deluje penicilin). U takvoj (empirijskoj) terapiji lekar obi\u010dno bira antibiotik \u0161irokog spektra delovanja kako bi se izbegao ne\u017eeljen ishod i komplikacije.
\nTo su antibiotici koji deluju podjednako sna\u017eno na veliki broj uzro\u010dnika i treba ih upotrebljavati samo kada ne postoji informacija o uzro\u010dniku infekcije, a le\u010denje treba zapo\u010deti odmah. U svim ostalim slu\u010dajevima najbolje je odabrati specifi\u010dan lek, tj. da njegov antimikrobni spektar zahvata identififikovanog uzro\u010dnika.
\nPri odabiru optimalnog antibiotika potrebno je voditi ra\u010duna ne samo o vrsti uzro\u010dnika, nego i o tome je li mogu\u0107e dopiranje leka na mesto infekcije, i je li bolesnik mo\u017eda preosetljiv na taj lek. Nije neva\u017eno niti stanje organskih sistema za odstranjivanje \u0161tetnih materija iz organizma (npr. bubrega), jer to uti\u010de na delovanje leka.\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\t\t\t\t\"Antibiotici-2\"<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\n

\u0160ta je jo\u0161 va\u017eno?<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Kada je izabran najprikladniji antibiotik, veoma je va\u017eno i to kako \u0107emo ga primeniti \u2013 tj. optimalna doza, u\u010destalost i put primene.<\/span>
\nIako se, ukupno gledano, antibiotici koriste previ\u0161e, u slu\u010daju pojedinog bolesnika kada je upotreba opravdana, \u010desto se primjenjuje premala doza. Antibiotik se, osim u propisanoj dozi, mora uzimati i dovoljno \u010desto, uzimaju\u0107i u obzir poluvreme izlu\u010divanja leka iz organizma.
\nDana\u0161nja farmaceutska industrija proizvodi novije antibiotike s prikladnim doziranjem (1 do 2 puta na dan), tako da neprakti\u010dno doziranje koje remeti san postaje re\u0111e. Bolesnik \u0107e se lak\u0161e pridr\u017eavati uputstvu za uzimanje leka 1-2 puta dnevno, nego svakih 6 sati. Obi\u010dno se uzimaju na usta, u obliku tableta ili kapsula.
\nKao i u primeni svih drugih lekova i ovde je potrebna saradnja bolesnika. Vrlo \u010desto oni prekidaju terapiju prerano, dva \u2013 tri dana nakon po\u010detka le\u010denja tj. kada osete da su nestali simptomi. Zapo\u010deto le\u010denje mora se provoditi bar pet dana, naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e je to celo pakovanje i na to treba upozoriti bolesnika. Antibiotik se uzima u ta\u010dno odre\u0111eno vreme, u propisanoj dozi, jer se time osigurava stalna koli\u010dina leka u organizmu. Kapsule i tablete najbolje je uzimati sa vodom , ne sa mlekom i mle\u010dnim proizvodima jer bi moglo do\u0107i do usporavanja i ote\u017eavanja apsorpcije leka. Za vreme terapije antibiotikom korisno je uzimati probiotike radi o\u010duvanja mikroflore probavnog sistema. Uzimaju se 2 sata nakon primene antibiotika, nikako istovremeno, jer bi ih antibiotik uni\u0161tio. Valja znati da hrana usporava apsorpciju antibiotika i maksimalne koncentracije u plazmi su manje. Zbog toga se ve\u010dina antibiotika uzima izme\u0111u jela ili najmanje sat pre jela. Za decu je najprikladniji oblik sirup. Kako su teku\u0107i oblici nestabilni (mogu se upotrebljavati samo nedelju dana ), izra\u0111uju se i \u010duvaju u suvom obliku kao pra\u0161ak, a neposredno pre primene u apoteci \u0107e Vam izraditi suspenziju dodatkom odre\u0111ene koli\u010dine sterilne destilirane vode. Tako pripremljenu suspenziju treba promu\u0107kati pre uzimanja svake doze.
\nAntibiotici se mogu primjenjivati i parenteralno (u injekcijama), takva primena je uobi\u010dajena u bolni\u010dkim uslovima i pri ozbiljnim infekcijama.\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Nuspojave antibiotika<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Svaki lek, pa tako i antibiotik mo\u017ee imati ja\u010de ili slabije izra\u017eeno nusdelovanje. Alergijske reakcije na antibiotike mogu se javiti u vidu promena na ko\u017ei osip i svrbe\u017e) ili probavnih problema (mu\u010dnina, povra\u0107anje, proliv..) One su bile u\u010destalije kod primene starije generacije antibiotika, kod novijih antibiotika one se re\u0111e pojavljuju. U slu\u010daju izra\u017eenih nuspojava treba se odmah javiti lekaru. Ostale nuspojave mogu se javiti kao rezultat toksi\u010dnosti na odre\u0111ene organe i na to svakako treba misliti prilikom izbora najprikladnijeg leka.
\nOpasne alergijske reakcije na penicilin relativno su retka pojava (javljaju se nakon intramuskularne injekcije, manje su verovatne pri oralnoj primeni), ali pacijenta je i danas obavezno upitati o eventualnim prethodnim nuspojavama na taj lek. Opasne nuspojave mogu uzrokovati antibiotici tipa aminoglikozida i to kao nefrotoksi\u010dnost (o\u0161te\u0107enje bubrega) ili ototoksi\u010dnost (o\u0161te\u0107enje sluha). Tetraciklini, koji se danas re\u0111e upotrebljavaju, \u010desto prouzrokuju mu\u010dninu, povra\u0107anje i proliv. Makrolidi su izrazito netoksi\u010dni, dok klindamicin mo\u017ee uzrokovati kolitis.\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Interakcije<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Antibiotici mogu stupati u interakcije me\u0111usobno i s drugim lekovima. Na primer, cefalosporine ne bi trebalo uzimati zajedno s diureticima zbog opasnosti od nefrotoksi\u010dnosti. Uz tetracikline ne smemo uzimati preparate gvo\u017e\u0111a i kalcijuma (pa ni mjeko) jer se umanjuje apsorpcija tj. tetraciklinima se smanjuje delotvornost. Ponekad je, da bi se izle\u010dila infekcija kod bolesnika, potrebno primeniti dva ili vi\u0161e antibiotika. Ovakve kombinacije propisuju se veoma oprezno, jer postoji opasnost od pove\u0107ane u\u010destalosti i raznolikosti nuspojava. Razlozi za kombinaciju dva antibiotika mogu biti npr. pro\u0161irenje antibakterijske aktivnosti u me\u0161anim infekcijama ili poja\u010danje efekta tj. efekat koji se ne mo\u017ee posti\u0107i ni jednim od lekova primenjenih pojedina\u010dno.
\nIako su antibiotici delotvorni i sigurni lekovi, ponekad le\u010denje mo\u017ee biti neuspe\u0161no. Razlozi za to mogu biti: prekasno zapo\u010deto le\u010denje, premala primenjena doza ili prekratko trajanje terapije ili neodgovaraju\u0107i put primene.
\nSmanjenje otpornosti bakterija na antibiotike mo\u017ee se posti\u0107i izbegavanjem kombinovane terapije osim u izuzetnim, opravdanim slu\u010dajevima ), pra\u0107enjem otpornosti mikroorganizama u bolnicama i ambulantnoj praksi , a pre svega racionalnom terapijom.<\/span>
\nOtpornost bakterija na antibiotike nije samo na\u0161 problem. Prepoznala ga je i EU i proglasila 18. novembar Evropskim danom svesnosti o antibioticima<\/span> (The European Antibiotic Awareness Day – EAAD) sa namerom da se skrene pa\u017enja na odgovorno kori\u0161\u0107enje ovih lekova kako bismo njihovu delotvornost sa\u010duvali i za budu\u0107e generacije.
\nU predstoje\u0107im zimskim danima kada su u\u010destale infekcije gornjih disajnih puteva , koje su naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e prouzrokovane virusima, moramo se podsetiti jednostavnih, a va\u017enih mera za spre\u010davanje \u0161irenja infekcije – pranje ruku i za\u0161tita maramicom nosa i ustiju pri kijanju i ka\u0161ljanju. Zbog opasnosti od mogu\u0107ih ozbiljnih posledica po zdravlje i o\u010duvanja dragocenih lekova za prave potrebe, va\u017eno je ne upu\u0161tati se u samole\u010denje<\/span> antibioticima i pridr\u017eavati se uputstava koje \u0107ete dobiti od svog lekara ili farmaceuta.\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Source link <\/a>
\n\n Ozdravite bez antibiotika<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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